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A Preliminary Study of the Facilities in the Cemetery of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty
Date: 2019-12-02       Hits:10038

According to statistics, in the Western Han Dynasty, there were about 811 Liehous [1]. With the heirs, the total number of Liehous was very large. Although there are more princes than princes, there are less than 20 princes’ tombs discovered and confirmed by archaeological excavations[2], far fewer than the princes’ tombs, and the related research results [3] are also less, not as good as the emperor’s tombs and princes’ tombs. Go deep. There are many reasons. One is that the political and economic status of the lieutenants are very different, which makes the tombs complex and diverse, which increases the difficulty of research; the other is that a large number of the tombs of the Liehou burials of the Western Han Dynasty have not been excavated, and the research materials are limited to a certain extent. ; The third is that some of the tombs that have been excavated are not obvious or have been severely stolen, and some of the tombs of Liehou have not been confirmed. In recent years, archaeological work has been carried out in the Emperor Yang Mausoleum of Emperor Han Jing, the cemetery of Fuping Hou Zhang Anshi in Fengqiyuan in the southern suburbs of Xi'an[4] (picture 1), and the cemetery of Liuhe of Haiyunhou in Nanchang [5] (picture 2). Tombs, we can further discuss the tomb of Liehou. This article mainly discusses the facilities in the cemetery of Liehou and does not involve funerary objects.

 

 


Figure 1 Layout plan of Zhang Anshi family cemetery

(According to Ding Yan et al.: "The Archaeological Range Rover of the Tomb of Zhang Anshi's Family of the Western Han Dynasty", "Popular Archaeology", Issue 12, 2014)

 

 

Figure 2   Distribution map of the remains of Haihunhou Cemetery

(According to the Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, etc.: "The Tomb of Haihunhou of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanchang City", "Archaeology" 2016, Issue 7)

 

1. Documentary materials on the cemetery of Liehou

 

   "Historical Records" and "Hanshu" have no special records on the facilities of the Liehou cemetery, but they are involved in some Liehou biographies, and some similar content appears in multiple documents. To avoid repetition, the following is a selective list of typical materials.

 

   The thin empress mother also died and was buried in the north of Liyang. So he respected his father as Ling Wenhou, Kuaiji County set up three hundred families in Yuanyi, Chang Cheng had been down to the burial mound, and the temple and the food shrine were like the law. In the north of Liyang, there is also the Lingwenhou Madam Garden, such as the Lingwenhou Garden. ("Historical Records · Family of Foreign Relatives" [6])

 

   Qubing was three years old after the four-year army, and the sixth year of Yuanshou. On the mourning, he was sent to the country Xuanjia, and the army from Chang'an to Maoling was a mound like Qilian Mountain. The posthumous combination of military and Guangdi is called Xie. On the mourning, he was sent to the country Xuanjia, and the army from Chang'an to Maoling was a mound like Qilian Mountain. The posthumous combination of military and Guangdi is called Jinghuanhou. ("Han Shu · Wei Qinghuo Qubing Biography" [7])

 

  An Shifuqiang started to look at things until autumn. The emperor gave the seal ribbon, and gave it to the light car agent, the posthumous posthumous name is Jinghou. Give the tomb of Du Dong, which will be used to rebuild the earth and erect the ancestral hall. ("Han Shu·Zhang Tang Biography" [8])

 

 In the next year of Guangxi's death, Prime Minister Li Cai gave 20 acres of burial ground to Yangling tomb. Cai stole three hectares and sold for more than 400,000 yuan. He also stole one acre of land outside the Shinto and buried it in it. He was now in prison. suicide. ("Hanshu·Li Guangsu Jian Biography" [9])

 

  In the beginning, Nai Shi died of illness in the first four years, and after three years old, his family was rich and honorable, and he was given the posthumous posthumous title of Si Chenghou. Zhaozhuo Countys Zhizuo Room was home to four hundred Yuanyi houses, and the prime minister obeyed the law. After more than a year, Boping Jun Xie, posthumously called Mrs. Sicheng. The emperor Sicheng Hou was buried in the south of the Fengming Gucheng Temple, and the Yuanyi Changcheng was set up, and Zhuojun Sichengyuan was dismissed. ("Hanshu·Biography of Foreign Relations" [10])

 

  One day, I will give a burial burial burial ground, and send a light car agent to the army to Maoling, and the posthumous posthumous posthumous title is Jinghou. ("Hanshu·Huo Guangjin Rixi Biography" [11])

 

  光薨, and the empress dowager come to the light funeral. Five members of the Taizhong doctor Ren Xuan and Shi Yushi held the funeral. Two thousand stones on the tomb of Mo's House. Give money, satin silk, embroidered quilts, one hundred collars, fifty quilts, jade robes and jade garments, one for catalpa palace, one for toilet, one for yellow intestine, and fifteen outer coffins in fir wood (hidden). The East Garden is warm and luminous, and it is like a system of enthusiasm. Zaiguang's corpse was used as a chariot, left in the yellow house, and Chen Zhimaoling, the fifth colonel of the Northern Army, was sent to his burial. The posthumous posthumous name is Xuanchenghou. Fa Sanhe soldiers went through the soil, raised a tomb ancestral hall, and set up three hundred families in Yuanyi. The emperor followed the old law... Yu Ji was the heir of Bo Luhou, and his wife made a tomb system when he changed the light, which was extravagant. From three out of Que, to build a Shinto, north to Zhaoling, south to Chengen, Sheng decorated the ancestral room, the pavilion belonged to Yongxiang, and Youliangren’s concubine and concubine guarded it... to the emperor’s time, it was a hundred families of Guangshou graves. , Officials and soldiers Fengci Yan. ("Hanshu·Huo Guangjin Rixi Biography" [12])

 

  In the summer, the heroes of the county relocated more than five million and more than five thousand households to Changling. To the prime minister, yushi, generals, princes, princesses, middle two thousand stone graves, and the first house. ("Han Shu·Cheng Di Ji" [13])

  

  (The Aidi) and the secret artifacts to the Dongyuan Garden, pearls and jade trees, all gifted by Yu. Then, next to the tomb of the Xianqi Tomb, the commander was built as a tomb. The inside was a toilet, and the outside was a road. The Zhouyuan was several miles away, and the gate was very prosperous. ("Han Shu·Nei Xing Biography" [14])

 

  In the early Western Han Dynasty bamboo slips unearthed at M77 in Shuihudi, Yunmeng, Hubei in 2006, the legal bamboo slip "Burial Law" has clear regulations on the funeral ceremonies, sacrifices, funeral equipment, and cemetery facilities of the Hou.

 

  Tru Hou Yi quilt does not interfere with the coffin, and the quilt is constricted. The waste is also used many times. Killing: Xiao Lian used a special cow, opened a coffin, and opened a large prison, and his ancestor had a special cow and sent a large prison. The coffin is no more than three feet two inches wide, three feet one inch deep, one foot wide and seven inches thick. Coffin two, one is 18 inches thick, and the other is five inches thick, so charcoal is needed. He, Dou, and Xian are on the abyss of Liuzhang, and the grave is 13 zhang and three zhang high. The tomb is forty-five zhang from east to west, and forty-two zhang from north to south. The shrine is covered with a place for Liuzhang. The middle wall is the gate, the outside is the que, and the four corners of the wall are the 罘罳[15].

 

 According to the above documents, the facilities of the Liehou cemetery in the Western Han Dynasty generally include graves (or tombs), tombs (or graves), gully (cemetery), xian (cemetery), coffins, outer storage coffins, sleeping quarters, ancestral halls (or temples), and shrines. , 徼道, Yuan, Que, 罘罳, Yuanyi, etc. Some of these facilities have been verified by archaeology, and some need to be explored in future work.

 

2. Liehou Cemetery Facilities

 

(1) Cemetery

 

  Liehou cemetery is called burial ground or tomb in the literature. During the Western Han Dynasty, the emperor often gave the cemetery as a reward. After the death of Fuping Hou Zhang Anshi, he was given the treatment of "Giving Dudong to the Tomb". When Emperor Cheng built the Changling Tomb, he gave the burial ground to high-ranking officials and princesses including Lie Hou. The area of the cemetery given can be known from the literature. The formerly quoted "Han Shu·Li Guang Su Jian Biography" contained: "Next year after Guang's death, Li Cai gave the cemetery to Yangling to be worth 20 acres. Cai stolen three hectares and sold for more than 400,000 yuan. He was buried in an acre of land outside the Shinto, and he was put in jail and committed suicide." Li Cai was named Le'an Hou for military service, and the cemetery he obtained was 20 acres, about 9,220 square meters [16].

 

  The scope of the cemetery has not been paid attention to in the previous archaeological work. In recent years, it has gradually become clear with the deepening of the understanding of the Liehou cemetery. The surrounding area of the tomb of Liehou may be bounded by trenches or rammed garden walls called "walls", forming a relatively closed area, that is, the cemetery. Drilling in the burial cemetery in the east of Hanyang Mausoleum found many complete and orderly burial cemeteries. The area of the early cemetery was about 4,200-13,000 square meters. The owner of the tomb included Liehou, and the owner of GYM130 was Danhou or Shenghouzhou. Ying [17], the owner of the tomb of M760 is Gao Wanping and Hou Bingwu [18]. The Zhang Anshi Cemetery is about 195 meters long from east to west, about 159 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of about 30,000 square meters, surrounded by trenches, with a depth of 2 to 3 meters [19]. The cemetery of Anyang Hou Shangguanjie, located in the grave area of Maoling, is surrounded by trenches. The plane is a north-south rectangular shape, with a length of 199.5 to 206.3 and a width of 156.5 meters. Walls are built around the Changping Hou Weiqing Cemetery and Champion Hou Huo Qubing Cemetery[20]. The Haihunhou Cemetery is trapezoidal in plane, with a perimeter of 868 meters and an area of about 46,000 square meters [21]. Judging from archaeological findings, the area of Liehou Cemetery varies, with an upper limit of 30,000 to 40,000 square meters.

 

  There are 12 nephew tombs on the east, north, and west sides of the Zhang Anshi Cemetery, indicating that the scope of the cemetery is larger than that of the cemetery. When the cemetery was built, all the cemeteries given by the emperor may not be used, and family members can also be buried in the cemetery.

 

  Que was originally a palace building. Since the establishment of the mausoleum in the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin [22], the Western Han Dynasty has inherited this tradition. From the Emperor Wen Ba Mausoleum to the Ping Emperor Kang Mausoleum, each mausoleum is equipped with a mausoleum [23]. Archaeological excavations have been carried out on the South Gate Que and Dongmen Que of the Mausoleum of Emperor Yangling of Han Dynasty, and their shapes are the highest-level faults in ancient times-Sanchu Que [24]. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, some powerful lords began to build tomb faults in the cemetery, and even built three fault faults. For example, after the death of Boluhou Huo Guang, "the wife of the wife made the tomb system when she changed the light, and it was extravagant. Out of Que". Suspected gate buildings were found outside the east gate and north gate of the Haihunhou Cemetery. The gates were rammed and symmetrically distributed.

 

 The 罘罳 is generally connected to the que and the gate. In the "Han Shu", Yan Shis ancient annotation said: "The 罘罳 is the tune pavilion of the Lianque. "[25]. The 罘罳 has not been discovered and confirmed in the field archaeology, and the architectural form is unknown. It is presumed to be located at the gate or the four corners of the cemetery of the Liehou Cemetery.

 

(2) Tomb of Liehou

 

   Tombs are the most important part of the entire cemetery, and are generally located at the core of the cemetery. Due to the limited number of excavations of the tombs of Liehou, a comprehensive analysis of the development and evolution of the tomb forms cannot be done, and some understanding can only be obtained from the excavated tombs. The tombs of Liehou generally consist of two parts: the ground and the underground.

 

  The above-ground part is sealed. During the Western Han Dynasty, from the imperial tombs to the tombs of ordinary people, the tombs of ordinary people were generally closed; the tombs of Liehou were no exception, and many of the closed soils of the tombs of Liehou have been preserved today. Due to the long time, the sealed soil was severely washed by rain and man-made damage. Although most of the excavated Liehou tombs have published data on the sealed soil, its shape is often unclear. The well-preserved and recognizable shapes of the tombs of Liehou’s tombs are bucket-shaped, dome-shaped, and mountain-shaped. Most of them are bucket-shaped, and a few are round. The only mountain-shaped tombs are Changping Hou Weiqing’s tomb and champion Hou Huo Qubing. The tomb is specially built to commemorate their military merits in the war with the Huns. The tomb of Huo Qubing is covered with large stones, and there are people, horses, cows and other stone carvings in front of the tomb, which is a special case[26].

 

  The laws of the Han Dynasty clearly stipulated the height of the confinement of the tomb of Liehou. "Zhou Li · Chun Guan · Tomb Man" annotated "Han Law": "The tomb of Liehou is four feet high, and there are differences between the people below the Guanneihou and the common people" [27]. In the Han Dynasty, one zhang is 2.31 meters long, and four zhangs are 9.24 meters long. Among the tombs of Liehou that have been excavated, the height of the tomb of Haihunhou is about 7 meters, which is close to the literature; the remaining height of the tomb of the other Liehou is generally not more than 5 meters. There are also some Liehou’s tombs whose sealing height exceeds the documentary record. For example, the sealing height of the tomb of Weiqing is 25.5 meters, the sealing height of the tomb of Huo Qubing is 19.3 meters, and the height of sealing the tomb of Huoguang is 17 meters [28]. These tomb owners may have enjoyed special treatment higher than that of Liehou when they were buried.

 

  The underground part includes tomb passage and chamber. The excavated tombs of Liehou are all upright cavernous structures, and most of them are in the shape of "A" in plan. They are composed of two parts: slope (or step) tomb passage and tomb chamber. The plane of the tomb passage is mostly trapezoidal, and the end away from the tomb is narrower, and the two walls are retracted downwards. The lowest part of most of the bottom is higher than the bottom of the tomb. The intact ones are 15.65~37 meters long and 4.16~13 meters wide. In the early part of the tombs of Liehou or Madam Liehou, the tombs were curved in plan, such as the tombs of Yangjiawan No.4 and No.5 in Xianyang[29] and the tombs of Han Dynasty in Lashan in Jinan[30]. There are ear chambers on both sides of the tomb of Huxishan No.1 Han Tomb in Yuanling[31] and Zhang Anshi's tomb. The plane of the tomb is generally rectangular or nearly square, with a small mouth and a small bottom, and the peripheral wall is retracted downwards. It is 7.05-24.5 long, 2.85-24.5 wide, and 8-17.25 meters deep. The tomb passage and the walls of the tomb often have several layers of inward steps, and some of the walls have zigzag steps connected up and down, such as the Han Tomb No. 1 of Huxishan in Yuanling, the Han Tomb of Jizhuchang in Xin'an, Shaanxi[32], the Tomb of Zhang Anshi, etc. . In addition, the tomb passage and the upper part of the tomb of the Han tomb in Yangjiawan, Xianyang, also have complex wooden structures[33]. For some tombs with lower terrain, in order to increase the depth of the tomb, the upper part of the tomb was built with soil, such as Changsha Mawangdui No. 1 , No. 2 and No. 3 Han Tombs[34]. The tomb of Hou Liucheng, Wanqu, Xuzhou, is a vertical cave structure with no tomb [35]. Liu Chen participated in the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion. After the rebellion subsided, he was pardoned, and was subsequently expelled and punishable. The scale of the tomb is relatively small, which should be related to the fact that it was deprived of the rank of Marquis at the time of death and did not enjoy the burial system of Marquis.

 

  The excavated tombs of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty are mostly wooden coffins with various structures. No yellow intestines have been found. The burial device of Han Tomb No. 5 in Yangjiawan, Xianyang is one coffin and one coffin, the burial device of Han Tomb No. 1 in Huxishan, Yuanling is one coffin and two coffins, and the burial device of Han Tomb No. 1 in Mawangdui, Changsha is one coffin and four coffins, Changsha Mawangdui No. 2 Han Tomb, Haihunhou Tomb, and Western Han Tomb No. 2 Yaoziling, Yongzhou, Hunan[36] have two coffins and two coffins. Wood coffins are usually filled with charcoal and green (white) plaster for antiseptic purposes. They are used for the tomb of Huxishan No.1 in Yuanling and No.2 Han tomb of Shuangbaoshan in Mianyang.[37] The upper part and front of the wooden coffin are used for the accumulation of large pebbles and gravel Yu anti-theft. With the popularity of small brick chamber tombs, from the time of Emperor Xuan, there has been a trend of replacing wooden coffins with brick structures in the tombs of Liehou. The wooden coffin of Zhang Anshi’s tomb is lined with brick coffins, and charcoal is filled between the two; the Western Han Tomb[38] in the southern suburb of Xingtai, Hebei is a brick tomb wall with brick floor and wooden board covering the top.

 

(3) Outer hidden pit

 

At present, academic circles have different understandings of the external storage system of tombs[39], but most of the burial pits set outside the tombs are collectively referred to as external storage pits. Pottery figurines, wooden figurines, carts and horses, weapons, and household utensils are generally placed in the pits. , Animals, food, etc. Out of the confirmed tombs of Lehou and Mrs. Lehou, 6 out-of-the-box pits have been discovered. The outer storage pit is set in the tomb passage or around the tomb, and some are set in both locations, such as the Han Tomb No. 4 in Yangjiawan, Xianyang, and the Han Tomb M8 in Fengqiyuan, Xi'an.

 

  The number of pits outside the tomb of Liehou varies, ranging from one to as many as 18. There is 1 Waizang pit at the tomb of the Han tomb in Xin'an Jizhuchang, Shaanxi[40], and 1 Waizang pit near the tombs of Wanquhou and Haihunhou tombs. There are 1 outer storage pits in the south of the tomb passage of Zhang Anshi and the north of the tomb. There are 3 ear chambers with earthen wood coffin structure on both sides of the tomb passage. There are 6 outer storage pits around the tomb. There are 5 outer storage pits in the tomb road of No. 4 Han Tomb in Yangjiawan, Xianyang, and 13 outer storage pits around the tomb, totaling 18. In addition, 15 external storage pits have been explored around the tomb of Huo Guang[41].

 

  The outer storage pit has several shapes such as vertical hole wooden coffin, wooden structure, brick-wood mixed structure, etc. The planar shape is rectangular, curved, etc., and some outer storage pits have stepped passages at one end. The outer storage pits in the south of the tomb passage of Zhang Anshi and the north of the tomb are made of wooden coffins and brick coffins outside. Charcoal is filled between the two. The other outer storage pits are mainly vertical-hole wooden coffins. The wall of the outer storage pit of the Western Han Tomb in the southern suburbs of Xingtai, Hebei is made of bricks, and the bottom of the pit is covered with bricks.

 

  In the Western Han Dynasty, apart from the tombs of the emperors, the tombs of the queens, and the tombs of princes and kings, only the princes who received special attention from the emperor were allowed to set up external storage pits in the tombs.

 

(4) Madam’s tomb and burial tomb

 

   In the Western Han Dynasty, it was popular for husbands and wives to be buried in different caves. The tomb of Mrs. Liehou is generally located near the tomb of Liehou, and the two are located in the same cemetery. Among the 11 Liehou cemeteries that have been excavated, 5 have been excavated. The tombs of the ladies in the Huxishan and Haihunhou cemeteries in Yuanling have been identified and have not been excavated; the Lashan Han Tomb of Jinan is a tomb of the ladies , No tomb of Liehou was found around [42]. There are two large tombs of the same size on the east side of the Western Han Tombs in the southern suburbs of Xingtai, Hebei. Excavators believe that the owners of the tombs are two generations of Nanquhou[43]. So far, several generations of Liehou tombs have not been found adjacent to each other. It is speculated that the tomb owners are more likely It's Mrs. Lehou or her family.

 

  The tombs of Madam Liehou and the tombs of Liehou are arranged side by side, with the same direction, with a distance of 17.7 to 36 meters. Most of the tombs of Madams have independent soil, the tombs of Haihunhou and his wife have a common ground, and the tombs of Liuqing and his wife, Qinghou, Qinghou, Quanling, Yaoziling, Yongzhou, Hunan, are located under the same soil mound. The soil, tomb shape, and burial equipment of the Madam’s Tomb are similar to those of Liehou’s Tomb, but the scale is mostly smaller than the latter. The tomb scale and burial items of Mawangdui Madam Shihou’s tomb in Changsha surpassed that of Shihou Licang’s tomb. Excavators believe that the construction time of the two tombs differed by more than 20 It was caused by the rapid growth of family status and social wealth [44]. This also reflects the characteristics and differences of the tombs of Liehou. Fuyang Shuanggudui is the tomb of Ruyinhou Xiahouzao couple. There are no bones left in the two tombs. M2 was constructed earlier than M1. The scale of the tomb is several times that of M1. Excavators believe that M1 is the tomb of Xiahouzao and M2 is the tomb of his wife[ 45]. However, according to the characteristics of the Liehou cemetery in the Western Han Dynasty, it is also possible that M2 is the tomb of Xiahou and M1 is the tomb of the lady or the tomb of the nephew.

 

  In addition, there are unequal burial tombs in the Liehou Cemetery of the Western Han Dynasty. Tomb No. 3 of Mawangdui is the nephew tomb of Licang Tomb of Shihou. There are 12 nephew tombs around the Fuping Marquis Zhang Anshi cemetery, distributed in groups, and the tombs are all facing the cemetery. The era extends from the mid-Western Han Dynasty to the Wangmang period[46]. There are 7 nephew tombs in the cemetery of Haihunhou Liuhe, which are distributed in the east and north of the cemetery. Except for M7, which faces east and west, the others all face north and south, in the same direction as the main tomb. Three of them have been excavated. The owner of the tomb of M5 is Liu He's eldest son Liu Chongguo[47]. The burialists included not only the wives and concubines of the princes, but also descendants and family members. Nephew tombs are distributed both inside and outside the Liehou Cemetery. There are 5 wooden coffins in the M1 coffin of Shuangbaoshan Han Tomb in Mianyang. This tomb may be the nephew tomb of the main tomb M2.

 

(5) Cemetery building

 

   In addition to the cemetery buildings of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty, there are ancestral halls, tombs, shrines, pilgrims, and gardens.

 

   Ancestral Hall is the main building where sacrifices are held in the cemetery of Liehou. It appeared in the Xuan Emperor period. There is no record in the documents of the early and mid Western Han Dynasty, and it has not been found in field archaeology. The ruins of the ancestral hall in Zhang Anshi Cemetery and Haihunhou Cemetery have been discovered. The ancestral hall of Zhang Anshi Cemetery is located about 80 meters east of the main tomb M8. The main part is a high-rise building. The doorway faces east, three rooms wide and five rooms deep. The plane is square and the sides are 19 meters long. The ancestral hall of the Haihunhou Cemetery is a corridor-shaped building. The main rammed earth foundation is in a "concave" shape, with a square rammed earth foundation on the periphery. It is about 14 meters long from east to west and 10 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of about 140 square meters. According to the literature, the ancestral halls of Bolu Hou Huo Guang and Fuping Hou Zhang Anshi were all built by the state. In addition to the sacrificial functions of the early ancestral halls, it was also a gift and glory.

 

   In addition, the ruins of the tomb building were found in the Haihunhou Cemetery. The floor plan of the main tomb M1 tomb is square, composed of four rammed earth foundations with a curved plan, with a side length of about 10 meters and an area of about 100 square meters. There are a group of wing rooms on the east and west sides of the ancestral hall and tomb, all of which are three-bay rectangular cloister-like buildings. Each group is about 37 meters in length and 10 meters in width, and covers an area of about 270 square meters. The burial tombs M4, M5, and M6 also have independent front buildings, with a base area of 39-108 square meters.

 

   Shinto and 徼道 are easily damaged due to shallow burial. An east-west road is found in the north of Zhang Anshi Cemetery, with the main tomb M8 tomb road in the west and the ancestral hall base site in the east. The length is about 35, the width is 2.5, and the remaining thickness is about 0.4 meters. It is speculated from the location that the road may be a relic of Shinto in the cemetery. Road remains were also found in the Haiyunhou Cemetery. The information has not been released yet, and the purpose is not yet known.

 

   Drainage facilities have been found in many Liehou cemeteries. There is an east-west drainage channel on the east side of M8 No. 1 ear chamber of the main tomb of Zhang Anshi Cemetery. A ceramic pipe is buried with a diameter of about 0.25 meters. The three burial tombs M3, M4, and M5 that have been excavated in the Haiyunhou Cemetery are surrounded by drainage ditches.

 

   Yuanyi was a settlement or village that was modeled after the imperial mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty and dedicated to the cemetery of Liehou. Only Liehou who enjoys special treatment can set up gardens in the cemetery, such as the queen's father or the patriarch of many dynasties. The scale of Yuanyi is 200-400 (households). Since the residents of Yuanyi have to carry out productive labor, Yuanyi may not be in the cemetery and should be distributed near the cemetery. The Yuanyi ruins of the tomb of Liehou have not yet been discovered.

 

3. Conclusion

 

   The tomb of Liehou is the core of the cemetery of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty. The tombs of the lady are distributed alongside it, surrounded by a cemetery, and the burial tombs are located inside and outside the cemetery. These facilities are the basic elements of the Cemetery of Lehou in the Western Han Dynasty and are available at all times. In the early and mid-term Liehou cemeteries, there were Waizang pits and Yuanyi, but they disappeared in the late period. Tombs and ancestral halls appeared in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, and quickly became popular, becoming common facilities in the cemetery of Liehou in the middle and late periods.

 

   The facilities of the cemetery of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty were affected by many factors, among which the political status of Liehou was the most important. The relatives of the emperor, relatives of the imperial court and officials in the court often received cemeteries, burial implements, and funerary supplies that were rewarded by the imperial court. They could use the outer storage pits and gardens that originally belonged to the tombs of the emperors and princes and kings. The over-standard area of the cemetery, the size of the tomb, the height of the sealing soil, the use of mountain-shaped sealing soil, the sealing stone, and the stone carvings in front of the tomb in the Lehou cemetery are all related to the special political status of the tomb owner.

 

The    imperial mausoleum system had a significant impact on the facilities of the Liehou cemetery in Western Han Dynasty. The Changling, Anling Wuling Temples and Tombs in the early Han Dynasty. At this time, there are few records of such facilities in the tombs of Liehou, and there are no relevant archaeological discoveries. In the mid-Western Han Dynasty, mausoleums and tombs were popular in the imperial tombs, and ancestral halls, tombs, and gongs became common facilities in the cemetery of Liehou. They also had a profound impact on the tombs of the late Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the late Western Han Dynasty, the Waizang Pit declined rapidly in the imperial mausoleum, and it is hard to find its trace in the tomb of Liehou. As the level of the tombs of the Lehous is lower than the tombs of the emperors and the tombs of the princes and kings, although they are obviously affected by the tombs of the emperors, the facilities of the tombs of the Lehous are small in scale, simple in shape and small in number.

 

  Lehous economic status, geographical and age differences will also have an impact on the cemetery facilities. The main source of income of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty was the rent and tax paid by the households. The number of households was different, up to 20,000 households[48], and at least 150 households[49], resulting in a huge disparity in the economic situation of Liehou. Liehou cemeteries are generally built by the Liehou family. The cemetery facilities are complicated and luxurious, all belong to the Liehou family with special political status and strong economic strength, such as the Boluhou Huoguang cemetery, Anchanghou Zhangyu cemetery, etc., "Yu is old, autonomous Tomb tomb, from the shrine room"[50]. In the general economic situation, the facilities of the cemetery may be much rudimentary. The cemeteries of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty are distributed in a wide area, and the differences in the natural environment of different regions also make the facilities of the cemetery have certain differences. For example, the upper part of the tomb was filled and rammed in the southern region. The time difference is mainly reflected in that the curved tomb passage only appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty, the structure of the tomb was developed from the early wooden coffin tomb to the brick chamber tomb in the middle and late period, and the tomb construction increased and prevailed in the middle and late period. Due to strict restrictions on the scale of the funeral of Liehou in the Western Han Dynasty, these influences are not obvious. "Han" contains: "Lie Hou Xie and the officials who were first eliminated by the princes and Tai Fu, the great line played posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous, lie, and policy. Wang Xie, sent the doctor Guanglu to hang the temple, depending on the funeral, because of the heir. Lie Hou Xie , Sending large and medium-sized doctors to hang the shrine, depending on the funeral, because of the establishment of heirs. For the funeral, the country has to send the people to save the funeral, wear and restore the soil, and no more than three hundred people have completed the grave."[51]. Combining with the quotation of the "Burial Law", we can see that the funeral of the Marquis was not only restricted by laws and systems, but also supervised by a special person. The "burial law" would be punished by the exemption from the state[52], which is also a column. The reason why the facilities and scale of Hou's cemetery are relatively consistent.

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